PUBLICATIONS

@article{FAVERO2023112755,

title = {Analysis of subjective thermal comfort data: A statistical point of view},

author = {Matteo Favero and Antonio Luparelli and Salvatore Carlucci},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778822009264},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112755},

issn = {0378-7788},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {281},

pages = {112755},

abstract = {Thermal comfort research aims to determine the relationship between the thermal environment and the human sense of warmth. This is usually achieved by measuring the subjective human thermal response to different thermal environments. However, it is common practice to use simple linear regression to analyse data collected using ordinal scales. This practice may lead to severe errors in inference. This study first set the methodological foundations to analyse subjective thermal comfort data from a statistical perspective. Subsequently, we show the practical consequences of fallacious assumptions by utilising a Bayesian approach and show, through an illustrative example, that a linear regression model applied to ordinal data suggests results different from those obtained using ordinal regression. Specifically, linear regression found no difference in means and effect size between genders, while the ordinal regression model led to the opposite conclusion. In addition, the linear regression model distorts the estimated regression coefficient for air temperature compared to the ordinal model. Finally, the ordinal model shows that the distance between adjacent response categories of the ASHRAE 7-point thermal sensation scale is not equidistant. Given the abovementioned issues, we advocate utilising ordinal models instead of metric models to analyse ordinal data.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{KYPRIANOU2023110226,

title = {Mitigation and adaptation strategies to offset the impacts of climate change on urban health: A European perspective},

author = {Ioanna Kyprianou and George Artopoulos and Anna Bonomolo and Timothy Brownlee and Rita Ávila Cachado and Chiara Camaioni and Vladan Đokić and Rosalba D'Onofrio and Zoran Đukanović and Salvatore Fasola and Caterina Francesca Di Giovanni and Roberta Cocci Grifoni and Panos Hadjinicolaou and Giacomo Ilardo and Predrag Jovanović and Stefania La Grutta and Velia Malizia and Graziano Enzo Marchesani and Maria Federica Ottone and Elio Trusiani and Jelena Živković and Salvatore Carlucci},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132323002536},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110226},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {238},

pages = {110226},

abstract = {Climate change threatens urban health, whether that refers to the human or environmental aspects of urban life. At the same time, initiatives of city regeneration envision alternative forms of the urban environment, where derelict spaces have the potential to be brought back to life in ways that would not compromise urban health. Regeneration processes should utilise mitigation and adaptation strategies that consider the future needs and anticipated role of cities within the context of the discourse about climate change, accounting for expected and unforeseen impacts and regarding the city as an agent of action rather than a static territory, too complex to change. Nevertheless, literature implicating these three parameters synchronously, namely, climate change, cities, and health, has been scarce. This study aims to fill this gap through a systematic literature review, exploring climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies that can be employed in urban regeneration efforts seeking to mitigate climate-exacerbated phenomena and their impacts on urban health as well as identifying the main trends and opportunities overlooked. Findings show that even though the emphasis is given to the physical actions and impacts of climate change and urban health, an emerging theme is a need to engage civic society in co-designing urban spaces. Synergistic relationships, collaborations and avoidance of lock-in situations appear to be the most significant subtopics emerging from this literature review. One main recommendation is the promotion of a community-driven, inclusive, participatory approach in regeneration projects. That will ensure that different vulnerabilities can be adequately addressed and that diverse population groups will have equitable health benefits.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ATTIA2023113170,

title = {Overheating calculation methods, criteria, and indicators in European regulation for residential buildings},

author = {Shady Attia and Caroline Benzidane and Ramin Rahif and Deepak Amaripadath and Mohamed Hamdy and Peter Holzer and Annekatrin Koch and Anton Maas and Sven Moosberger and Steffen Petersen and Anna Mavrogianni and Juan Maria Hidalgo-Betanzos and Manuela Almeida and Jan Akander and Hossein Khosravi Bakhtiari and Olivier Kinnane and Risto Kosonen and Salvatore Carlucci},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778823004000},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113170},

issn = {0378-7788},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {292},

pages = {113170},

abstract = {With the ongoing significance of overheating calculations in the residential building sector, building codes such as the European Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD) are essential for harmonizing the indicators and performance thresholds. This paper investigates Europe's overheating calculation methods, indicators, and thresholds and evaluates their ability to address climate change and heat events. e study aims to identify the suitability of existing overheating calculation methods and propose recommendations for the EPBD. The study results provide a cross-sectional overview of twenty-six European countries. The most influential overheating calculation criteria are listed the best approaches are ranked. The paper provides a thorough comparative assessment and recommendations to align current calculations with climate-sensitive metrics. The results suggesta framework and key performance indicators that are comfort-based, multi-zonal, and time-integrated to calculate overheating and modify the EU's next building energy efficiency regulations. The results can help policymakers and building professionals to develop the next overheating calculation framework and approach for the future development of climate-proof and resilient residential buildings.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{en16135217,

title = {Learning from the Past: The Impacts of Economic Crises on Energy Poverty Mortality and Rural Vulnerability},

author = {Ioanna Kyprianou and Despina Serghides and Harriet Thomson and Salvatore Carlucci},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/13/5217},

doi = {10.3390/en16135217},

issn = {1996-1073},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Energies},

volume = {16},

number = {13},

abstract = {The summer-dominated Mediterranean island of Cyprus is often considered in the contexts of beach tourism, sunny weather, and different types of business economic activities and services. In terms of its climatic conditions, extreme heat and mild winters characterise the island; yet, recent evidence has shown that winter poses a significant threat to public health. Its excess winter mortality is amongst the highest in Europe and there is an increased risk of energy-poverty-related mortality compared to total mortality. This study is an extension of previous research, with the objective of further scrutinizing the shift observed between urban and rural energy poverty mortality in the time of a severe nationwide financial crisis. Mortality and temperature data for the period of 2008-2018, as well as macroeconomic indicators, were investigated through a linear regression analysis. The results indicated that the declining economic situation of the island severely hit rural areas, with a significant increase in energy-poverty-related mortality, while urban areas were more resilient to this. There are three existing challenges linked to energy poverty: low incomes, high energy prices, and poor building energy efficiency. In Cyprus, all three coincide and are aggravated in times of crisis, creating conditions of extreme vulnerability for populations already in a disadvantaged position. This study’s motivation was to highlight the intense vulnerability associated with crises in Cyprus, and its outcomes call for higher levels of support at such times, especially when it comes to rural populations.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{CARLUCCI2023107421,

title = {Monitoring and performance evaluation of a green wall in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate},

author = {Salvatore Carlucci and Magdalene Charalambous and Julia Nerantzia Tzortzi},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710223016017},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107421},

issn = {2352-7102},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Building Engineering},

volume = {77},

pages = {107421},

abstract = {Green walls are gaining popularity as a sustainable cladding solution for buildings, offering various advantages for the built environment and human well-being. However, there is a lack of research on plant selection guides and field data in semi-arid Mediterranean climates, limiting our understanding of green wall potential. To address these gaps, this study assesses the hygrothermal and sound insulation performance of a modular living wall in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate and develops a plant-selection guideline for green wall applications. The experiment involves a comparative assessment between the modular living wall and a bare-wall-reference facade. Measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, and sound pressure were taken, along with thermal imaging, to record the surface temperatures of the experimental facades. Results reveal that the modular-living wall significantly decreased dry-bulb air temperature (up to 8 °C) and reduced sound pressure by up to 5.1 dB. Additionally, relative humidity in the air cavity behind the modular living wall consistently increased by 6.6%, with a maximum absolute humidity differential of 8.6 g/kg. Thermal imaging showed a surface temperature difference of up to 27 °C, with foliage having a higher leaf-area-index proving more efficient in reducing the surface temperature of the green wall. Overall, the modular living wall effectively protected building walls from high solar radiation and temperatures, resulting in reduced energy requirements for space cooling. However, proper irrigation and plant health maintenance are necessary. This study fills important research gaps, providing valuable insights into the potential benefits and performance of green walls in semi-arid Mediterranean climates.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{BANIHASHEMI2023113546,

title = {Window state or action modeling? An explainable AI approach in offices},

author = {Farzan Banihashemi and Manuel Weber and Bing Dong and Salvatore Carlucci and Roland Reitberger and Werner Lang},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778823007764},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113546},

issn = {0378-7788},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {298},

pages = {113546},

abstract = {Window operation significantly impacts energy use and indoor environmental quality in buildings. Individuals behave differently, making it difficult for models trained on a specific dataset to encompass the entire spectrum of these actions. A generalizable model is essential to predict the behavior of diverse occupants in office spaces. To address this need, this paper presents a systematic approach that captures this diversity, thereby contributing to developing a model towards generalizability. The approach involves state and action modeling through a Random Forest algorithm on the ASHRAE Global Occupant Behavior Database. The data pre-processing, hyperparameter tuning, and evaluation are deeply described and applied to window action and state datasets. Our results demonstrated that including metadata in a state model and applying a G-Mean threshold moving technique can result in an F1-score of 0.74. This score slightly outperformed the state room-wise model, which was trained only on its own dataset and achieved an F1-score of 0.73. However, both models had similar accuracies of 77%. The action model did not fare as well as the state models, with an F1-score and accuracy score of just 0.42 and 49%, respectively. In contrast, the action model showed more explainable results for domain experts than state models.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kyprianou2022c,

title = {Energy affordability and trends of mortality in Cyprus},

author = {Ioanna Kyprianou and Salvatore Carlucci and Despina Serghides},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2022.2046581},

doi = {10.1080/14786451.2022.2046581},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Sustainable Energy},

volume = {41},

issue = {9},

pages = {1303-1322},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {ABSTRACTEnergy affordability and climatic variability are associated to human health and this study investigates their impacts on public health for Cyprus, an eastern Mediterranean island afflicted by extreme summer heat and cold winters, especially in the Troodos mountains. Energy poverty indicators are computed through statistical analysis of mortality data and household consumption information, the latter collected through a tailored survey. Results show that almost half of the survey participants spend large proportions of their incomes towards essential energy services. Moreover, ambient temperature is significantly linked to mortality, with a 20-fold higher risk of death in winter and a major shift in mortality noticed around 2013, following a severe financial crisis which exposed rural populations to a higher mortality risk.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Khambadkone2022,

title = {Solar Chimney Power Plants: A Review of the Concepts, Designs and Performances},

author = {Cuce Erdem and Pinar Mert Cuce and Salvatore Carlucci and Harun Sen and Kumarasamy Sudhakar and Md. Hasanuzzaman and Reza Daneshazarian},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/3/1450/htm https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/3/1450},

doi = {10.3390/SU14031450},

isbn = {9046422375181},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1450},

volume = {14},

number = {3},

pages = {1450},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {This research presents a comprehensive review of solar chimney power plants (SCPP) as a reliable source of renewable electricity generation. Solar chimney power plants differ from other renewable energy technologies because thermal and momentum effects result in 24-h electricity generation. However, they are influenced by a wide range of design, geometrical and operational parameters, and environmental conditions. This review evaluates the design aspects and the theoretical, numerical, experimental, and performance findings in previous works holistically and concisely. The study also extensively discusses the various optimization strategies, advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of solar chimney power plants. Energy storage aspects and hybrid system designs are also addressed in the present review in order to overcome the known handicaps and limitations of solar chimney power plants. The performance figures of the technology are clearly demonstrated as a function of the design and operational conditions, and future prospects are discussed in detail. It is hoped that designers and policymakers will gain valuable insight into the technological features and advancements of solar chimney power plants, assisting them in making a better-informed decision.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{doi:10.1080/19401493.2022.2061050,

title = {Documenting occupant models for building performance simulation: a state-of-the-art},

author = {Marika Vellei and Elie Azar and Karol Bandurski and Christiane Berger and Salvatore Carlucci and Bing Dong and Matteo Favero and Ardeshir Mahdavi and Marcel Schweiker},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2022.2061050},

doi = {10.1080/19401493.2022.2061050},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation},

volume = {15},

number = {5},

pages = {634--655},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {The number of occupancy and occupant behaviour models developed for building performance simulation (BPS) has steadily increased for the past four decades. However, their use is still limited in practice. This is partly due to the difficulty in understanding their utility and to the challenges related to their implementation into BPS. Both problems can be attributed to the lack of a framework for their description and communication. In this paper, we fill this gap by introducing a framework to document occupant models, that represents the state-of-the-art of available information on the topic. The framework consists of four blocks (description, development, evaluation, and implementation) and can also be regarded as a guideline to help researchers communicate their models transparently. Based on a systematic review, we verify to which degree existing academic papers on occupant models meet the framework, thus providing a self-critical assessment of the state-of-the-art of occupant models' documentation.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{DONG2022109195b,

title = {A guideline to document occupant behavior models for advanced building controls},

author = {Bing Dong and Romana Markovic and Salvatore Carlucci and Yapan Liu and Andreas Wagner and Antonio Liguori and Christoph Treeck and Dmitry Oleynikov and Elie Azar and Gianmarco Fajilla and Ján Drgoňa and Joyce Kim and Marika Vellei and Marilena De Simone and Masood Shamsaiee and Mateus Bavaresco and Matteo Favero and Mikkel Kjaergaard and Mohamed Osman and Moritz Frahm and Sanam Dabirian and Da Yan and Xuyuan Kang},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132322004310},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109195},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {219},

pages = {109195},

abstract = {The availability of computational power, and a wealth of data from sensors have boosted the development of model-based predictive control for smart and effective control of advanced buildings in the last decade. More recently occupant-behavior models have been developed for including people in the building control loops. However, while important objectives of scientific research are reproducibility and replicability of results, not all information is available from published documents. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose a guideline for a thorough and standardized occupant-behavior model documentation. For that purpose, the literature screening for the existing occupant behavior models in building control was conducted, and the occupant behavior modeling processes were studied to extract practices and gaps for each of the following phases: problem statement, data collection, and preprocessing, model development, model evaluation, and model implementation. The literature screening pointed out that the current state-of-the-art on model documentation shows little unification, which poses a particular burden for the model application and replication in field studies. In addition to the standardized model documentation, this work presented a model-evaluation schema that enabled benchmarking of different models in field settings as well as the recommendations on how OB models are integrated with the building system.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dong2022,

title = {A Global Building Occupant Behavior Database},

author = {Bing Dong and Yapan Liu and Wei Mu and Zixin Jiang and Pratik Pandey and Tianzhen Hong and Bjarne Olesen and Thomas Lawrence and Zheng O’Neil and Clinton Andrews and Elie Azar and Karol Bandurski and Ronita Bardhan and Mateus Bavaresco and Christiane Berger and Jane Burry and Salvatore Carlucci and Karin Chvatal and Marilena De Simone and Silvia Erba and Nan Gao and Lindsay T Graham and Camila Grassi and Rishee Jain and Sanjay Kumar and Mikkel Kjærgaard and Sepideh Korsavi and Jared Langevin and Zhengrong Li and Aleksandra Lipczynska and Ardeshir Mahdavi and Jeetika Malik and Max Marschall and Zoltan Nagy and Leticia Neves and William O’Brien and Song Pan and June Young Park and Ilaria Pigliautile and Cristina Piselli and Anna Laura Pisello and Hamed Nabizadeh Rafsanjani and Ricardo Forgiarini Rupp and Flora Salim and Stefano Schiavon and Jens Schwee and Andrew Sonta and Marianne Touchie and Andreas Wagner and Sinead Walsh and Zhe Wang and David M Webber and Da Yan and Paolo Zangheri and Jingsi Zhang and Xiang Zhou and Xin Zhou},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01475-3},

doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01475-3},

issn = {2052-4463},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Data},

volume = {9},

issue = {1},

pages = {369},

abstract = {This paper introduces a database of 34 field-measured building occupant behavior datasets collected from 15 countries and 39 institutions across 10 climatic zones covering various building types in both commercial and residential sectors. This is a comprehensive global database about building occupant behavior. The database includes occupancy patterns (i.e., presence and people count) and occupant behaviors (i.e., interactions with devices, equipment, and technical systems in buildings). Brick schema models were developed to represent sensor and room metadata information. The database is publicly available, and a website was created for the public to access, query, and download specific datasets or the whole database interactively. The database can help to advance the knowledge and understanding of realistic occupancy patterns and human-building interactions with building systems (e.g., light switching, set-point changes on thermostats, fans on/off, etc.) and envelopes (e.g., window opening/closing). With these more realistic inputs of occupants’ schedules and their interactions with buildings and systems, building designers, energy modelers, and consultants can improve the accuracy of building energy simulation and building load forecasting.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{FAVERO2022119803,

title = {Human-in-the-loop methods for occupant-centric building design and operation},

author = {Matteo Favero and Jan Kloppenborg Møller and Davide Calì and Salvatore Carlucci},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261922010790},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119803},

issn = {0306-2619},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Applied Energy},

volume = {325},

pages = {119803},

abstract = {A comfortable indoor environment should be one of the main services buildings provide. However, technical building systems are typically designed and operated according to fixed set-point temperatures determined by the ‘one-size-fits-all’ principle assuming universal thermal comfort requirements, which has been questioned in the last fifty years. Designing and implementing comfortable set-point modulations that consider occupant feedback would be beneficial in terms of increasing comfort, potentially reduce energy consumption and significantly support the clean energy transition. An exploratory study aimed at predicting the thermal preferences of human subjects exposed to a dynamic thermal environment is presented. Using data acquired from a laboratory experiment where subjects were exposed to precisely controlled thermal ramps in an ‘office-like’ climatic chamber, cluster-specific and population-averaged methods are designed to handle the group-level residual during the prediction of the thermal preference votes. The results show that both approaches are valid strategies for modelling thermal preference votes and are effective in supporting a concrete occupant-centric building design and the building’s operation. Furthermore, the population-averaged approach is suitable for the occupant-centric building design phase, where the target is an ‘average’ occupant. The cluster-specific method is best suited to meet the needs of a specific occupant and is suitable for implementation in the operational phase of the building.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{CHINAZZO2022109719,

title = {Quality criteria for multi-domain studies in the indoor environment: Critical review towards research guidelines and recommendations},

author = {Giorgia Chinazzo and Rune Korsholm Andersen and Elie Azar and Verena M. Barthelmes and Cristina Becchio and Lorenzo Belussi and Christiane Berger and Salvatore Carlucci and Stefano Paolo Corgnati and Sarah Crosby and Ludovico Danza and Luiza Castro and Matteo Favero and Stephanie Gauthier and Runa T. Hellwig and Quan Jin and Joyce Kim and Mandana Sarey Khanie and Dolaana Khovalyg and Carola Lingua and Alessandra Luna-Navarro and Ardeshir Mahdavi and Clayton Miller and Isabel Mino-Rodriguez and Ilaria Pigliautile and Anna Laura Pisello and Ricardo Forgiarini Rupp and Abdul-Manan Sadick and Francesco Salamone and Marcel Schweiker and Marc Syndicus and Giorgia Spigliantini and Natalia Giraldo Vasquez and Donna Vakalis and Marika Vellei and Shen Wei},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132322009490},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109719},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {226},

pages = {109719},

abstract = {The perception, physiology, behavior, and performance of building occupants are influenced by multi-domain exposures: the simultaneous presence of multiple environmental stimuli, i.e., visual, thermal, acoustic, and air quality. Despite being extensive, the literature on multi-domain exposures presents heterogeneous methodological approaches and inconsistent study reporting, which hinder direct comparison between studies and meta-analyses. Therefore, in addition to carrying out more multi-domain studies, such investigations need to be designed, conducted, and documented in a systematic and transparent way. With the goal to facilitate and support future multi-domain studies and their meta-analyses, this work provides (1) a range of criteria for multi-domain study design and reporting (i.e., defined as quality criteria), and (2) a critical review of the multi-domain literature based on the described criteria, which can serve as guidelines and recommendations for future studies on the topic. The identified quality criteria encompass study set-up, study deployment and analysis, and study outcome, stressing the importance of adopting a consistent terminology and result reporting style. The developed critical review highlights several shortcomings in the design, deployment, and documentation of multi-domain studies, emphasizing the need for quality improvements of future multi-domain research. The ultimate goal of this work is to consolidate our knowledge on multi-domain exposures for its integration into regulatory resources and guidelines, which are currently dominated by single-domain knowledge.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{KYPRIANOU2022103763,

title = {Urban vulnerability in the EMME region and sustainable development goals: A new conceptual framework},

author = {Ioanna Kyprianou and Despina Serghides and Salvatore Carlucci},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670722000944},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103763},

issn = {2210-6707},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society},

volume = {80},

pages = {103763},

abstract = {Crises have shocked the global population and forced entire nations to shift their operations and priorities. The adverse effects of these crises primarily impact cities and their inhabitants; nevertheless, inherently, they have the potential to overcome them. Urban centres are home to around half of the global population, and often they are correlated to high standards of life, mostly in the Western world. Nevertheless, cities are highly flawed and, at times, are coming up short when it comes to accommodating human needs. Thus, the motivation of this work is to investigate urban vulnerabilities linked to the broader topic of climate change, focusing on urban centres in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East region. This study has a dual purpose: to introduce a content-based approach of analysis, akin to bibliometrics, using proxies and links to recreate a research landscape and investigate urban vulnerability under specific conditions and how it affects public health; ultimately, offering a tentative definition of it. The novelty of this study is the proxies and links approach, through which we have identified the major trends in urban vulnerability research, as well as possible under-explored themes, by interpreting qualitative findings into more tangible ones.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{en15144984,

title = {Adaptation of Users to Future Climate Conditions in Naturally Ventilated Historic Buildings: Effects on Indoor Comfort},

author = {Francesco Fiorito and Giandomenico Vurro and Francesco Carlucci and Ludovica Maria Campagna and Mariella De Fino and Salvatore Carlucci and Fabio Fatiguso},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/14/4984},

doi = {10.3390/en15144984},

issn = {1996-1073},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Energies},

volume = {15},

number = {14},

abstract = {User behaviour can significantly affect indoor thermal comfort conditions, as well as energy consumption, especially in existing buildings with high thermal masses where natural cross ventilation is the main strategy to reduce cooling loads. The aims of this paper were: (i) to compare how behavioural changes evaluated by means of rule-based and stochastic models lead to changes in indoor thermal comfort levels, and (ii) to define the patterns of indoor thermal comfort in historic residential buildings in future scenarios. To this end, a historic building located in Molfetta (Southern Italy) was analysed using a dynamic energy simulation engine in five weather scenarios (Typical Meteorological Year, current extreme weather file 2018, predicted weather files for 2020, 2050, and 2080 generated by morphing method), and stochastic and rule-based models for window openings were adopted and compared. The results showed that the stochastic model was more accurate than the rule-based one, resulting in a reduction of discomfort conditions during the summer period between 30% and 50% in all climate scenarios. However, although the differences between predicted discomfort levels using rule-based and stochastic models tended to increase, discomfort levels still appeared to be not acceptable in the 2050 and 2080 scenarios due to the rising temperature driven by climate change.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Carlucci2021,

title = {ASHRAE Likelihood of Dissatisfaction: A new right-here and right-now thermal comfort index for assessing the Likelihood of dissatisfaction according to the ASHRAE adaptive comfort model},

author = {Salvatore Carlucci and Silvia Erba and Lorenzo Pagliano and Richard Dear},

doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111286},

issn = {03787788},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {250},

pages = {111286},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {The assessment of local and short-term thermal discomfort in buildings has been widely investigated, and different metrics are available in the literature to predict the likelihood of dissatisfied people. These metrics are named right-here and right-now discomfort indexes and constitute the basis for evaluating long-term thermal comfort conditions in buildings. Well-known examples are the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) part of the Fanger comfort model included in the ISO standard 7730 and the Overheating risk index (NaOR), built upon the EN adaptive thermal comfort model. This study proposes a new index for use with the ASHRAE adaptive thermal comfort model to fill a gap in the literature and standard. It is called the ASHRAE Likelihood of Dissatisfaction (ALD) and is obtained from a logistic regression of the right-here and right-now thermal comfort field data contained in the 1990s ASHRAE RP-884 database. The recent release of another, more extensive database of thermal comfort field studies, the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II, provides an opportunity to validate ALD with an independent dataset and assess its generalisability. The successful external validation of ALD and its agreement with NaOR give support to the reliability of the novel right-here and right-now index and open to the possibility to use it for assessing short-term thermal comfort conditions in buildings, calculating long-term thermal comfort indices based on the ASHRAE adaptive model, optimising both the design of new buildings and renovations and for assessing the operational thermal comfort performance of existing buildings.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Favero2021,

title = {Human thermal comfort under dynamic conditions: An experimental study},

author = {Matteo Favero and Igor Sartori and Salvatore Carlucci},

doi = {10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2021.108144},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {204},

pages = {108144},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {Although thermal comfort has been a research topic since the 1960s, some knowledge gaps still affect understanding of the human response to changing thermal environments. To enhance knowledge in this regard, an exploratory study is presented, which aims to understand human response to monotonic thermal variations by describing its relationship with covariates of interest. Thirty-eight participants (29 females, 9 males) worked in an office-like climate chamber and were exposed to dynamic and controlled heating and cooling ramps of the operative temperature with different speeds. Participants' perception, evaluation, preference and acceptability of the indoor thermal environment were recorded by filling in dedicated questionnaires. Additionally, participants could indicate when an uncomfortable event occurred during these temperature ramps by clicking a digital button on a dedicated app. This discomfort event was defined in behavioural terms as the decision to “take action to restore a comfort condition”. Survival analysis was used to study participants' reactions to the dynamic thermal stimuli. It showed that two distinct mechanisms caused discomfort events due to overheating and undercooling: warm discomfort is driven by the absolute value of the achieved operative temperature, while the relative change in operative temperature mainly causes cold discomfort. Compared to the current recommendations regarding temperature cycles, drifts and ramps, this result shows that current standard recommendations underestimate the risk of thermal discomfort during a cooling process while overestimating it during a heating one. The new knowledge of human reaction to a dynamic thermal environment can lead to more energy-efficient and satisfactory building control strategies.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pisello2021,

title = {Test rooms to study human comfort in buildings: A review of controlled experiments and facilities},

author = {Anna Laura Pisello and I. Pigliautile and M. Andargie and Christiane Berger and P. M. Bluyssen and Salvatore Carlucci and G. Chinazzo and Z. Deme Belafi and B. Dong and Matteo Favero and A. Ghahramani and G. Havenith and A. Heydarian and D. Kastner and M. Kong and D. Licina and Y. Liu and A. Luna-Navarro and A. Mahdavi and A. Nocente and Marcel Schweiker and M. Touchie and M. Vellei and F. Vittori and Andreas Wagner and A. Wang and S. Wei},

doi = {10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111359},

issn = {1364-0321},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},

volume = {149},

pages = {111359},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {Occupants' comfort perception affects building energy consumptions. To improve the understanding of human comfort, which is crucial to reduce energy demand, laboratory experiments with humans in controlled environments (test rooms) are fundamental, but their potential also depends on the characteristic of each research facility. Nowadays, there is no common understanding for definitions, concepts, and procedures related to human comfort studies performed in test rooms. Identifying common features would allow standardising test procedures, reproducing the same experiments in different contexts, and sharing knowledge and test possibilities. This review identifies 187 existing test rooms worldwide: 396 papers were systematically selected, thoroughly reviewed, and analysed in terms of performed experiments and related test room details. The review highlights a rising interest in the topic during the last years, since 46% of related papers has been published between 2016 and 2020. A growing interest in non-thermal sensory domains (such as visual and air quality) and multi-domain studies about occupant's whole comfort emerged from the results. These research trends have entailed a change in the way test rooms are designed, equipped and controlled, progressively becoming more realistic inhabitable environments. Nevertheless, some lacks in comfort investigation are highlighted: some continents (like Africa and South America) and climate zones are found to be underrepresented, while involved subjects are mainly students performing office tasks. This review aspires to guide scientists and professionals toward the improved design or the audit of test room experimental facilities, especially in countries and climate zones where human comfort indoors is under-studied.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Smedegard2021,

title = {Systematic and data-driven literature review of the energy and indoor environmental performance of swimming facilities},

author = {Ole Øiene Smedegård and Bjørn Aas and Jørn Stene and Laurent Georges and Salvatore Carlucci},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12053-021-09985-6},

doi = {10.1007/S12053-021-09985-6/FIGURES/5},

issn = {15706478},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

journal = {Energy Efficiency},

volume = {14},

number = {7},

pages = {1--27},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media B.V.},

abstract = {During the last few decades, focus on measures for energy conservation in buildings has increased considerably. The European Commission implemented the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, which gave instructions to the member states about how to reduce energy consumption in residential and non-residential buildings. In the process of making the building sector more energy efficient, the building codes generally have become stricter with some simplifications applied in the requirements. For swimming facilities in Norway, these simplifications are undermining the purpose of the code by excluding the energy use related to the operation of swimming pools, which is the main part of the energy use in this building category. In other words, the energy use related to operation of the facility is not regulated. Furthermore, guidelines for the planning and operation of these types of facilities are outdated and research for this building category is sparse. These three aspects mean that there is a considerable potential for improvement. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review with bibliometric and thematic analyses of the contextualized research in swimming facilities from a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning perspective. It maps the major trends during the past few decades, where areas like solar heating for outdoor pools, energy consumption, and air quality stand out. Except for air quality and disinfection by-products, research on these facilities is highly fragmented without any strong contributors to the various fields. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Carlucci2021a,

title = {On the impact of stochastic modeling of occupant behavior on the energy use of office buildings},

author = {Salvatore Carlucci and Francesco Causone and Silvia Biandrate and Martina Ferrando and Amin Moazami and Silvia Erba},

doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111049},

issn = {03787788},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {246},

pages = {111049},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {The reliability of building performance simulation is hindered by several uncertainties, with aleatory uncertainty due to occupant behavior being one of the most critical. The present study aims to assess the propagation of uncertainty due to the adoption of stochastic models for modeling Occupant Presence and Actions (OPAs) available in the literature on the annual electric energy use of a reference office building. To this purpose, a global sensitivity analysis was designed and carried out by analyzing model inputs and energy outputs of 144 permutations of 15 different stochastic models for OPAs for a total of 7200 simulations. Building energy use computed considering stochastic OPAs modeling resulted in being sensibly higher than the reference value estimated assuming scheduled occupancy and rule-based occupant's actions as suggested by reference standards. The median value of the electric energy use was 58.6% higher than the base case electric energy use. Furthermore, the stochastic models used to model window operation have the highest effect on energy output, followed by light switch-off, and occupancy models. Light switch-on models showed a lower influence on the overall building energy performance. Furthermore, the Generalized Estimating Equations method was adopted to assess the interdependence among stochastic models for OPA and showed that changing the stochastic model in window operation, occupancy estimation, and light switch-off behavior generates a considerable difference in building's energy performance. Contrariwise, the available stochastic models for light switch-on and blind operation perform quite similarly among each other and have a limited impact on a building's energy performance.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Smedegard2021a,

title = {The implementation of multiple linear regression for swimming pool facilities: Case study at Jøa, Norway},

author = {Ole Øiene Smedegård and Thomas Jonsson and Bjørn Aas and Jørn Stene and Laurent Georges and Salvatore Carlucci},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/16/4825/htm https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/16/4825},

doi = {10.3390/en14164825},

issn = {19961073},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-01},

journal = {Energies},

volume = {14},

number = {16},

pages = {4825},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {This paper presents a statistical model for predicting the time-averaged total power consumption of an indoor swimming facility. The model can be a powerful tool for continuous supervision of the facility's energy performance that can quickly disclose possible operational disruptions/irregularities and thus minimize annual energy use. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to analyze data collected in a swimming facility in Norway. The resolution of the original training dataset was in 1 min time steps and during the investigation was transposed both by time-averaging the data, and by treating part of the dataset exclusively. The statistically significant independent variables were found to be the outdoor dry-bulb temperature and the relative pool usage factor. The model accurately predicted the power consumption in the validation process, and also succeeded in disclosing all the critical operational disruptions in the validation dataset correctly. The model can therefore be applied as a dynamic energy benchmark for fault detection in swimming facilities. The final energy prediction model is relatively simple and can be deployed either in a spreadsheet or in the building automation reporting system, thus the method can contribute instantly to keep the operation of any swimming facility within the optimal individual energy performance range.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dong2021,

title = {Occupant behavior modeling methods for resilient building design, operation and policy at urban scale: A review},

author = {Bing Dong and Yapan Liu and Hannah Fontenot and Mohamed M. Ouf and Mohamed Osman and Adrian Chong and Shuxu Qin and Flora Salim and Hao Xue and Da Yan and Yuan Jin and Mengjie Han and Xingxing Zhang and Elie Azar and Salvatore Carlucci},

doi = {10.1016/J.APENERGY.2021.116856},

issn = {0306-2619},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-01},

journal = {Applied Energy},

volume = {293},

pages = {116856},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Traditional occupant behavior modeling has been studied at the building level, and it has become an important factor in the investigation of building energy consumption. However, studies modeling occupant behaviors at the urban scale are still limited. Recent work has revealed that urban big data can enable occupant behavior modeling at the urban scale – however, utilizing the existing data sources and modeling methods in building science to model urban scale occupant behaviors can be quite challenging. Beyond building science, urban scale human behaviors have been studied in several different domains using more advanced modeling methods, including Stochastic Modeling, Neural Networks, Reinforcement Learning, Network Modeling, etc. This paper aims to bridge the gap between data sources and modeling methodologies in building science by borrowing from other domains. Based on a comprehensive review, we 1) identify the modeling challenges of the current approaches in building science, 2) discuss the modeling requirements and data sources both in building science and other domains, 3) review the current modeling methods in building science and other domains, and 4) summarize available performance evaluation metrics for evaluating the modeling methods. Finally, we present future opportunities in building science with enhanced data sources and modeling methods from other domains.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thravalou2021,

title = {Urban design considerations in the environmental assessment of vernacular buildings with timber projections (sachnisi): The case of Nicosia's historic center},

author = {Stavroula Thravalou and Maria Philokyprou},

doi = {10.1016/J.FOAR.2020.11.001},

issn = {2095-2635},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-01},

urldate = {2021-03-01},

journal = {Frontiers of Architectural Research},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {176--189},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {In this study, the environmental responsiveness of built heritage is closely connected with the aspects of building typology and urban canyon geometry. The focus of this study is on two-story adobe buildings with lightweight timber projections, locally called sachnisi, which are located on the first floor, above the pass-through space on the ground floor, locally known as portico. The field study reveals and maps a total of 246 sachnisi projections across the walled city of Nicosia, Cyprus, a typical Mediterranean area. This research is the first systematic attempt to integrate cultural, historical, and environmental factors and the urban- and building-scale environmental characteristics of vernacular heritage. The findings highlight thermal adaptive opportunities and passive cooling strategies, i.e., natural ventilation, enhanced by aligning the portico axis with the prime wind direction and operating various openings of the sachnisis. The research also demonstrates that the building orientation and the proportions of sachnisis and porticos are insensitive to the street geometry. Thus, functional and morphological parameters (in addition to climatic parameters) are also significant in the configuration of these architectural elements. The originality and academic contribution of this study lie within the systematic and comprehensive methodology followed, which can be applied to other urban heritage sites. The use of innovative, multidisciplinary methods and tools in heritage studies is also recommended.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{su13052987,

title = {Cooling Degree Models and Future Energy Demand in the Residential Sector. A Seven-Country Case Study},

author = {Raúl Castaño-Rosa and Roberto Barrella and Carmen Sánchez-Guevara and Ricardo Barbosa and Ioanna Kyprianou and Eleftheria Paschalidou and Nikolaos S Thomaidis and Dusana Dokupilova and João Pedro Gouveia and József Kádár and Tareq Abu Hamed and Pedro Palma},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/5/2987},

doi = {10.3390/su13052987},

issn = {2071-1050},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability},

volume = {13},

number = {5},

abstract = {The intensity and duration of hot weather and the number of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, are increasing, leading to a growing need for space cooling energy demand. Together with the building stock's low energy performance, this phenomenon may also increase households' energy consumption. On the other hand, the low level of ownership of cooling equipment can cause low energy consumption, leading to a lack of indoor thermal comfort and several health-related problems, yet increasing the risk of energy poverty in summer. Understanding future temperature variations and the associated impacts on building cooling demand will allow mitigating future issues related to a warmer climate. In this respect, this paper analyses the effects of change in temperatures in the residential sector cooling demand in 2050 for a case study of nineteen cities across seven countries: Cyprus, Finland, Greece, Israel, Portugal, Slovakia, and Spain, by estimating cooling degree days and hours (CDD and CDH). CDD and CDH are calculated using both fixed and adaptive thermal comfort temperature thresholds for 2020 and 2050, understanding their strengths and weaknesses to assess the effects of warmer temperatures. Results suggest a noticeable average increase in CDD and CDH values, up to double, by using both thresholds for 2050, with a particular interest in northern countries where structural modifications in the building stock and occupants' behavior should be anticipated. Furthermore, the use of the adaptive thermal comfort threshold shows that the projected temperature increases for 2050 might affect people's capability to adapt their comfort band (i.e., indoor habitability) as temperatures would be higher than the maximum admissible values for people's comfort and health.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Azar2020,

title = {Simulation-aided occupant-centric building design: A critical review of tools, methods, and applications},

author = {Elie Azar and William O'Brien and Salvatore Carlucci and Tianzhen Hong and Andrew Sonta and Joyce Kim and Maedot S. Andargie and Tareq Abuimara and Mounir El Asmar and Rishee K. Jain and Mohamed M. Ouf and Farhang Tahmasebi and Jin Zhou},

doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110292},

issn = {03787788},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {224},

number = {110292},

pages = {1 -- 21},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Occupants are active participants in their built environment, affecting its performance while simultaneously being affected by its design and indoor environmental conditions. With recent advances in computer modeling, simulation tools, and analysis techniques, topics such as human-building interactions and occupant behavior have gained significant interest in the literature given their premise of improving building design processes and operating strategies. In practice, the focus of occupant-centric literature has been mostly geared towards the latter (i.e., operation), leaving the implications on building design practices underexplored. This paper fills the gap by providing a critical review of existing studies applying computer-based modeling and simulation to guide occupant-centric building design. The reviewed papers are organized along four main themes, namely occupant-centric: (i) metrics of building performance, (ii) modeling and simulation approaches, (iii) design methods and applications, and (iv) supporting practices and mechanisms. Important barriers are identified for a more effective application of occupant-centric building design practices, including the limited consideration of metrics beyond energy efficiency (e.g., occupant well-being and space planning), the limited implementation and validation of the proposed methods, and the lack of integration of occupant behavior modeling in existing building performance simulation tools. Future research directions are discussed, covering large-scale international data collection efforts to move from generic assumptions about occupant behavior to specific/localized knowledge, improved metrics of measuring building performance, and improved industry practices, such as building codes, to promote an occupant-in-the-loop approach to the building design process.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dimitriou2020,

title = {A new approach in the refurbishment of the office buildings–from standard to alternative nearly zero energy buildings},

author = {Stella Dimitriou and Ioanna Kyprianou and Costas N. Papanicolas and Despina Serghides},

doi = {10.1080/14786451.2020.1749629},

issn = {1478646X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-09-01},

journal = {International Journal of Sustainable Energy},

volume = {39},

number = {8},

pages = {761--778},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {The government of Cyprus has developed packages addressing the energy performance of non-residential buildings, in order to achieve the national energy reduction objectives. Currently, Decree 366/2014 is in force, defining the requirements for a building to qualify as a nearly Zero Energy Building (nΖΕΒ). However, this falls short of addressing sufficiently the high cooling energy demand of buildings in Cyprus. This paper examines the energy and economic viability of various refurbishment scenarios by considering a public office building in the city of Limassol as a case study. The energy performance of the building was analysed first for its current state and also according to nZEB standards. In addition, a set of supplementary measures was examined, to develop a cost-effective alternative nZEB energy refurbishment model. Based on the results, the existing legislation, defining an nZEB is reconsidered prompting a proactive discussion towards the improvement of the current energy regulating Directives.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Giannakis2020,

title = {Land transport CO2 emissions and climate change: evidence from Cyprus},

author = {Elias Giannakis and Despina Serghides and Stella Dimitriou and George Zittis},

doi = {10.1080/14786451.2020.1743704},

issn = {1478646X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-01},

journal = {International Journal of Sustainable Energy},

volume = {39},

number = {7},

pages = {634--647},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {The land transport sector is one of the major emitters of CO2 and one of the hardest sectors to decarbonise. This study employs an environmentally-extended input-output model to conduct an economy-wide assessment of CO2 emissions in Cyprus, associated with a 22% increase in the final demand for the output of the sector by 2030. Model results indicate that the land transport sector creates the third highest (direct and indirect) CO2 emissions within Cyprus economy; for every 1 million euro increase in the final demand of the sector's services and products, 407 additional tons of CO2 are emitted. Considering that temperature in Cyprus is projected to increase by up to 4.5–5°C by the end of the century, our findings highlight the importance of the land transport sector in the transition of Cyprus to a low-carbon economy and the urgency of implementing in-sector cost-effective decarbonisation strategies.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{OBrien2020,

title = {Introducing IEA EBC annex 79: Key challenges and opportunities in the field of occupant-centric building design and operation},

author = {William O'Brien and Andreas Wagner and Marcel Schweiker and Ardeshir Mahdavi and Julia Day and Mikkel Baun Kjærgaard and Salvatore Carlucci and Bing Dong and Farhang Tahmasebi and Da Yan and Tianzhen Hong and H. Burak Gunay and Zoltan Nagy and Clayton Miller and Christiane Berger},

doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106738},

issn = {03601323},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-07-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {178},

number = {106738},

pages = {1 -- 15},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Despite the fact that buildings are designed for occupants in principle, evidence suggests buildings are often uncomfortable compared to the requirements of standards; difficult to control by occupants; and, operated inefficiently with regards to occupants' preferences and presence. Meanwhile, practitioners –architects, engineers, technology companies, building managers and operators, and policymakers – lack the knowledge, tools, and precedent to design and operate buildings optimally considering the complex and diverse nature of occupants. Building on the success of IEA EBC Annex 66 (“Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings”; 2013–2017), a follow-up IEA EBC Annex 79 (“Occupant-centric building design and operation”; 2018–2023) has been developed to address gaps in knowledge, practice, and technology. Annex 79 involves international researchers from diverse disciplines like engineering, architecture, computer science, psychology, and sociology. Annex 79 and this review paper have four main areas of focus: (1) multi-domain environmental exposure, building interfaces, and human behavior; (2) data-driven occupant modeling strategies and digital tools; (3) occupant-centric building design; and (4) occupant-centric building operation. The objective of this paper is to succinctly report on the leading research of the above topics and articulate the most pressing research needs – planned to be addressed by Annex 79 and beyond.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kjærgaard2020,

title = {Current practices and infrastructure for open data based research on occupant-centric design and operation of buildings},

author = {Mikkel Baun Kjærgaard and Omid Ardakanian and Salvatore Carlucci and Bing Dong and Steven K. Firth and Nan Gao and Gesche Margarethe Huebner and Ardeshir Mahdavi and Mohammad Saiedur Rahaman and Flora D. Salim and Fisayo Caleb Sangogboye and Jens Hjort Schwee and Dawid Wolosiuk and Yimin Zhu},

doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106848},

issn = {03601323},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-06-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {177},

number = {106848},

pages = {1 -- 13},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Many new tools for improving the design and operation of buildings try to realize the potential of big data. In particular, data is an important element for occupant-centric design and operation as occupants' presence and actions are affected by a high degree of uncertainty and, hence, are hard to model in general. For such research, data handling is an important challenge, and following an open science paradigm based on open data can increase efficiency and transparency of scientific work. This article reviews current practices and infrastructure for open data-driven research on occupant-centric design and operation of buildings. In particular, it covers related work on open data in general and for the built environment in particular, presents survey results for existing scientific practices, reviews technical solutions for handling data and metadata, discusses ethics and privacy protection and analyses principles for the sharing of open data. In summary, this study establishes the status quo and presents an outlook on future work for methods and infrastructures to support the open data community within the built environment.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schweiker2020,

title = {Review of multi‐domain approaches to indoor environmental perception and behaviour},

author = {Marcel Schweiker and Eleni Ampatzi and Maedot S. Andargie and Rune Korsholm Andersen and Elie Azar and Verena M. Barthelmes and Christiane Berger and Leonidas Bourikas and Salvatore Carlucci and Giorgia Chinazzo and Lakshmi Prabha Edappilly and Matteo Favero and Stephanie Gauthier and Anja Jamrozik and Michael Kane and Ardeshir Mahdavi and Cristina Piselli and Anna Laura Pisello and Astrid Roetzel and Adam Rysanek and Kunind Sharma and Shengbo Zhang},

doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106804},

issn = {03601323},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-06-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {176},

number = {106804},

pages = {1 -- 25},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Building occupants are continuously exposed to multiple indoor environmental stimuli, including thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality related factors. Moreover, personal and contextual aspects can be regarded as additional domains influencing occupants' perception and behaviour. The scientific literature in this area typically deals with these multiple stimuli in isolation. In contrast to single-domain research, multi-domain research analyses at least two different domains, for example, visual and thermal. The relatively few literature reviews that have considered multi-domain approaches to indoor-environmental perception and behaviour covered only a few dozen articles each. The present contribution addresses this paucity by reviewing 219 scientific papers on interactions and cross-domain effects that influence occupants' indoor environmental perception and behaviour. The objective of the present review is to highlight motivational backgrounds, key methodologies, and major findings of multi-domain investigations of human perception and behaviour in indoor environments. The in-depth review of these papers provides not only an overview of the state of the art, but also contributes to the identification of existing knowledge gaps in this area and the corresponding need for future research. In particular, many studies use “convenience” variables and samples, there is often a lack of theoretical foundation to studies, and there is little research linking perception to action.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Carlucci2020,

title = {Modeling occupant behavior in buildings},

author = {Salvatore Carlucci and Marilena De Simone and Steven K. Firth and Mikkel Baun Kjærgaard and Romana Markovic and Mohammad Saiedur Rahaman and Masab Khalid Annaqeeb and Silvia Biandrate and Anooshmita Das and Jakub Wladyslaw Dziedzic and Gianmarco Fajilla and Matteo Favero and Martina Ferrando and Jakob Hahn and Mengjie Han and Yuzhen Peng and Flora Salim and Arno Schlüter and Christoph Treeck},

doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106768},

issn = {03601323},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-05-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {174},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {In the last four decades several methods have been used to model occupants' presence and actions (OPA) in buildings according to different purposes, available computational power, and technical solutions. This study reviews approaches, methods and key findings related to OPA modeling in buildings. An extensive database of related research documents is systematically constructed, and, using bibliometric analysis techniques, the scientific production and landscape are described. The initial literature screening identified more than 750 studies, out of which 278 publications were selected. They provide an overarching view of the development of OPA modeling methods. The research field has evolved from longitudinal collaborative efforts since the late 1970s and, so far, covers diverse building typologies mostly concentrated in a few climate zones. The modeling approaches in the selected literature are grouped into three categories (rule-based models, stochastic OPA modeling, and data-driven methods) for modeling occupancy-related target functions and a set of occupants' actions (window, solar shading, electric lighting, thermostat adjustment, clothing adjustment and appliance use). The explanatory modeling is conventionally based on the model-based paradigm where occupant behavior is assumed to be stochastic, while the data-driven paradigm has found wide applications for the predictive modeling of OPA, applicable to control systems. The lack of established standard evaluation protocols was identified as a scientifically important yet rarely addressed research question. In addition, machine learning and deep learning are emerging in recent years as promising methods to address OPA modeling in real-world applications.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nitter2020,

title = {Can CO2 sensors in the ventilation system of a pool facility help reduce the variability in the trihalomethane concentration observed in indoor air?},

author = {Therese B. Nitter and Morten S. Grande and Kristin V. H. Svendsen and Rikke B. Jørgensen and Salvatore Carlucci and Guangyu Cao},

doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2020.105665},

issn = {18736750},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-05-01},

journal = {Environment International},

volume = {138},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Volatile and hazardous compounds are formed during the chlorination of pool water. Monitoring components in the air, such as the four trihalomethanes; chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform (tTHM), is challenging. Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors are used for controlling air quality in different buildings and can be installed in ventilation systems for continuous surveillance and monitoring purposes. However, such sensors are not used in indoor swimming facilities. In this study, samples of tTHM and CO2 were collected and analysed, along with other air and water quality parameters such as combined chlorine, to evaluate whether CO2 sensors could be used to explain the observed variability in the tTHM concentration in an indoor swimming facility and thereby reduce the exposure of individuals utilising the pool to tTHM. Random intercept models were built for the tTHM and CO2 concentrations, respectively, and the results show that the relationships between combined chlorine in the water, CO2 in the air and number of occupants explain 52% of the variability in tTHM. The correlation between occupancy and CO2 concentration ($rho$ = 0.65, p ≤ 0.01) suggests that CO2 sensors should be used so that the air supply corresponds to the demand of the users.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kyprianou2020a,

title = {Dealing with energy poverty in Cyprus–an overview},

author = {Ioanna Kyprianou and Despina Serghides},

doi = {10.1080/14786451.2019.1699560},

issn = {1478646X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-04-01},

journal = {International Journal of Sustainable Energy},

volume = {39},

number = {4},

pages = {308--320},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {Energy poverty is the inability of a household to maintain basic energy services in the household, such as heating and cooling, due to unaffordability. This issue has been gaining public awareness since the financial crisis of 2008. Based on European-wide indicators, Cyprus demonstrates a high percentage of households with poor energy affordability. However, an in-depth investigation on energy poverty manifestations and measures has not been carried out. This paper aims to address this gap in knowledge, by outlining current measures associated with vulnerable consumers in Cyprus. Recommendations are made for the adoption of additional and/or complimentary action to effectively address energy poverty in Cyprus. Furthermore, a web-based survey collected demographic and economic information of dwellers, as well as technical characteristics of dwellings and perception of thermal comfort. Preliminary results indicate that approximately 40% of respondents reported spending up to a quarter of their net income towards energy bills.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jowkar2020,

title = {Comfort temperature and preferred adaptive behaviour in various classroom types in the UK higher learning environments},

author = {Mina Jowkar and Hom B. Rijal and James Brusey and Azadeh Montazami and Salvatore Carlucci and Terry C. Lansdown},

doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109814},

issn = {03787788},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-03-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {211},

number = {109814},

pages = {1 -- 15},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Maintaining the thermal comfort of occupants along with minimising the related energy consumption is necessary in educational buildings in the UK. Thermal comfort is particularly important in this context as it affects how well students learn in the classroom. This study aims to identify comfort temperature ranges in different classroom types, lecture rooms, studios and PC labs in UK higher learning environments. Overall, more than 3,000 university students in Coventry and Edinburgh were observed and surveyed simultaneously with the monitoring of environmental measurements under free-running, cooling and heating modes, in October and November 2017 and January to March 2018. Thermal comfort zones and comfort temperatures were identified in each classroom type under these three operation modes. The thermal comfort zone was shown to be significantly dependant on the operative temperature in the studios and PC labs. In terms of the students' priorities for adaptive behaviour inside the classrooms, students in the lecture rooms and PC labs with lower levels of freedom, preferred to restore their thermal comfort through personal adaptive behaviour. However, environmental behaviour was shown to be preferred in the studios where the occupants have a greater freedom level. Results indicate a higher level of physiological and psychological thermal adaptation for the occupants of the studios and PC labs compared to those in the lecture rooms. Consequently, the type of classroom and the students' freedom levels should be considered in environmental design of higher education buildings.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Moazami2019a,

title = {Towards climate robust buildings: An innovative method for designing buildings with robust energy performance under climate change},

author = {Amin Moazami and Salvatore Carlucci and Vahid M. Nik and Stig Geving},

doi = {10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2019.109378},

issn = {0378-7788},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-11-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {202},

pages = {109378},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Neglecting extremes and designing buildings for the past or most likely weather conditions is not the best approach for the future. Robust design techniques can, however, be a viable option for tackling future challenges. The concept of robust design was first introduced by Taguchi in the 1940s. The result of the design process is a product that is insensitive to the effect of given sources of variability, even though the sources themselves are not eliminated. A robust design optimization (RDO) method is for the first time proposed in this paper, for supporting architects and engineers in the design of buildings with robust energy performance under climate change and extreme conditions. The simplicity and the low computational demand of the process underlies the feasibility and applicability of this method, which can be used at any stage of the design process. The results show that the performance of the optimum solution not only has a 81.5% lower variation (less sensitivity to climate uncertainty) but at the same time has a 14.4% lower mean energy use value compared with a solution that is compliant with a recent construction standard (ASHRAE 90.1-2016). Less sensitivity to climate uncertainty means greater robustness to climate change whilst maintaining high performance.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Causone2019,

title = {A data-driven procedure to model occupancy and occupant-related electric load profiles in residential buildings for energy simulation},

author = {Francesco Causone and Salvatore Carlucci and Martina Ferrando and Alla Marchenko and Silvia Erba},

doi = {10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2019.109342},

issn = {0378-7788},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-11-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {202},

pages = {109342},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Improving the reliability of energy simulation outputs is becoming a pressing task to reduce the performance gap between the design and the operation of buildings. Occupant behaviour modelling is one of the most relevant sources of uncertainty in building energy modelling and is typically modelled via a priori choices made by modellers. Thus, an improvement in the description of occupant behaviour is needed. To this regard, the availability of smart meter recordings might help to generate more reliable input data for building energy models. This paper discusses a novel data-driven procedure that enables to create yearly occupancy and occupant-related electric load profiles to inform building energy modelling, using a typical uneven database made available by energy operators. The procedure is subdivided into three main tasks. The first has the intent to detect representative occupant-related electric load profiles from smart meters readings. The second task aims to generate yearly occupancy profiles from the same database. The last task assesses the impact of the generated occupancy and occupant-related electric load profiles on building energy simulation outputs. The procedure is applied to the case study of a multi-residential building in Milan, Italy and is meant to show the possibility to overcome deterministic inputs that might have little relation with the actual building operation. It showed a substantial improvement in the reliability of building energy simulation and that occupant related load profiles may account for about 8% of the building's energy need for space heating.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nitter2019,

title = {Energy use and perceived health in indoor swimming pool facilities},

author = {Therese B. Nitter and Salvatore Carlucci and Snorre N. Olsen and Kristin V. H. Svendsen},

url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/609/4/042051 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/609/4/042051/meta},

doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/609/4/042051},

issn = {1757-899X},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-09-01},

journal = {IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering},

volume = {609},

number = {4},

pages = {042051},

publisher = {IOP Publishing},

abstract = {Swimming facilities are one of the most complex building categories with their high energy use and demanding indoor environment. A survey to collect information about user health and comfort, technical installations and operational strategies was distributed to pool facilities-from conventional swimming facilities to water parks-Across Norway, and this article is based on the responses from 45 facilities. Using a multiple regression analysis, approximately 75% of the delivered energy can be attributed to the bather load and number of opening days. No correlation between delivered energy and user health and thermal comfort was obtained; however, a significant correlation between bathers and workers perceived health and comfort was found. Furthermore, bathers in the water parks reported to be significantly less satisfied with the indoor environment in comparison to bathers in conventional swimming facilities. The water parks also have a lower air change rate compared to the conventional swimming facilities.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kyprianou2019,

title = {Energy poverty policies and measures in 5 EU countries: A comparative study},

author = {Ioanna Kyprianou and Despina Serghides and A. Varo and J. P. Gouveia and D. Kopeva and L. Murauskaite},

doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.003},

issn = {03787788},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-08-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {196},

pages = {46--60},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Energy Poverty (EP)is the inability to attain a socially and materially necessitated level of domestic energy services. In the EU this occurs primarily due to low incomes, poor energy performance of buildings and high energy costs. The impacts of EP range from impaired social lives to unhealthy living conditions, with further consequences in the physical and mental health of energy poor individuals. Member states have been assigned by the EU with the responsibility of dealing with EP within their own territories. This is attainable mainly by creating effective policies, while also encouraging synergies among policies of different fields. However, scientific knowledge is gathered and action is taken on a national level only in a limited number of EU countries. For this reason, this paper aims to fill in the gap and capture snapshots from five EU countries (Cyprus, Spain, Portugal, Bulgaria and Lithuania)where EP has not been exhaustively examined. The study provides an overview of selected policies and measures directly or indirectly targeting EP alleviation and analyses their history and evolution at an EU level as well as at national level. It considers the different geographical dimensions, conditions and aspects (e.g. national or regional)where EP is encountered, in an attempt to identify any variances or similarities in the approaches adopted. Through this comparative study, strengths and weaknesses of national strategies are identified and analysed. Conclusively, based on this analysis, recommendations are made on how to utilise policy tools and provide the most efficient support to energy poor households in the corresponding countries.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Moazami2019,

title = {Impacts of future weather data typology on building energy performance – Investigating long-term patterns of climate change and extreme weather conditions},

author = {Amin Moazami and Vahid M. Nik and Salvatore Carlucci and Stig Geving},

doi = {10.1016/J.APENERGY.2019.01.085},

issn = {0306-2619},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-03-01},

journal = {Applied Energy},

volume = {238},

pages = {696--720},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Patterns of future climate and expected extreme conditions are pushing design limits as recognition of climate change and its implication for the built environment increases. There are a number of ways of estimating future climate projections and creating weather files. Obtaining adequate representation of long-term patterns of climate change and extreme conditions is, however, challenging. This work aims at answering two research questions: does a method of generating future weather files for building performance simulation bring advantages that cannot be provided by other methods? And what type of future weather files enable building engineers and designers to more credibly test robustness of their designs against climate change? To answer these two questions, the work provides an overview of the major approaches to create future weather data sets based on the statistical and dynamical downscaling of climate models. A number of weather data sets for Geneva were synthesized and applied to the energy simulation of 16 ASHRAE standard reference buildings, single buildings and their combination to create a virtual neighborhood. Representative weather files are synthesized to account for extreme conditions together with typical climate conditions and investigate their importance in the energy performance of buildings. According to the results, all the methods provide enough information to study the long-term impacts of climate change on average. However, the results also revealed that assessing the energy robustness of buildings only under typical future conditions is not sufficient. Depending on the type of building, the relative change of peak load for cooling demand under near future extreme conditions can still be up to 28.5% higher compared to typical conditions. It is concluded that only those weather files generated based on dynamical downscaling and that take into consideration both typical and extreme conditions are the most reliable for providing representative boundary conditions to test the energy robustness of buildings under future climate uncertainties. The results for the neighborhood explaining the critical situation that an energy network may face due to increased peak load under extreme climatic conditions. Such critical situations remain unforeseeable by relying solely on typical and observed extreme conditions, putting the climate resilience of buildings and energy systems at risk.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Serghides2019,

title = {The bioclimatic approach in developing smart urban isles for sustainable cities},

author = {Despina Serghides and Stella Dimitriou and Ioanna Kyprianou and Costas N. Papanicolas},

editor = {A. Sayigh},

url = {https://www.rees-journal.org/articles/rees/full_html/2019/01/rees180006s/rees180006s.html https://www.rees-journal.org/articles/rees/abs/2019/01/rees180006s/rees180006s.html https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-18488-9_5},

issn = {2493-9439},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain.},

volume = {4},

number = {2},

abstract = {The rapid trends of urbanization have catastrophic consequences on the ecology of our cities. The large amounts of energy consumption and the reckless exploitation of natural resources is leading to increased emissions of ozone depleting gases and carbon dioxide emissions, which are polluting our planet and enhancing the effects of global warming. This paper will present the bioclimatic approach in achieving a smart urban isle as a basic unit for the development of sustainable cities of the EU ERANET project “Smart bioclimatic low-carbon urban areas as innovative energy isles in the sustainable city” (SUI). It will outline the project and demonstrate the approach of achieving bioclimatic urban isles through the Cyprus case study. The main aim of the SUI project is to develop sustainable cities through balancing locally the energy systems. Thus, the project aspires to move forward with the urban energy and CO2 reduction. The study will focus on the bioclimatic approach, which is one of the three cornerstone procedures (Bioclimatic design, Smart Grids and Management Platform) on which the project is based. It will exemplify how the various aspects of the bioclimatic design and the utilization of the beneficial aspects of the surrounding environment are exploited and applied on defined urban isles, as a basic unit of the city.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kyprianou2018,

title = {Energy poverty in Cyprus and the use of geographic information systems},

author = {Ioanna Kyprianou and Despina Serghides},

url = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/10773/107730K/Energy-poverty-in-Cyprus-and-the-use-of-geographic-information/10.1117/12.2326172.full https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/10773/107730K/Energy-p},

doi = {10.1117/12.2326172},

issn = {1996756X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-08-01},

journal = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},

volume = {10773},

pages = {51},

publisher = {SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng},

address = {Paphos},

abstract = {Since the economic crisis of 2008, many energy-related issues have come to the forefront of public debate. One of them is Energy Poverty (EP), which could be described as the inability of a household to maintain adequate levels of essential energy services in the home. In practical terms, this means that energy poor households are those that cannot afford energy amenities that are deemed to be necessary according to modern society (e.g. heating and cooling). In order to investigate the various concerns of EP, several tools may be employed. One of them is the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This tool is useful since it could trace demographic information to identify society groups that are at risk of energy poverty; also it could be used to locate buildings with constructional characteristics which display energy inefficiency. GIS has been previously used in EP research to predict areas most vulnerable to fuel poverty; it could also be employed in spatial-economic analyses, to provide utilisation of renewable energy solutions that are most cost-effective according to regional characteristics, in order to mitigate energy poverty with clean energy. The aim of this paper is to provide a basis for the incorporation of GIS into the decision-making process, so that policy makers are able to effectively alleviate EP, while also promoting clean energy. This paper provides a brief review of the various types of GIS applications that can be used to study EP in Cyprus. The potential of the various forms of renewable energy technologies that could be adopted to supplement energy-poor households is also examined. Consequently, policies targeting at the mitigation of EP in Cyprus could be adjusted accordingly, based on regional characteristics derived from GIS studies, in order to provide energy vulnerable inhabitants with the most effective relieving schemes. textcopyright 2018 SPIE.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pignatta2017,

title = {Analysis of the indoor thermal quality in low income Cypriot households during winter},

author = {G. Pignatta and C. Chatzinikola and George Artopoulos and Costas N. Papanicolas and Despina Serghides and Mat Santamouris},

doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.11.006},

issn = {03787788},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-10-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {152},

pages = {766--775},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The recent global financial and economic crisis is responsible for the significant decrease of heating energy consumption, especially in low income population that mostly live in non-thermally-performing houses. The decrease of the residents' income results in lower internal temperatures, hence lower thermal levels and lower indoor environmental quality, which are responsible for health problems and inadequate quality of life for the residents. This paper deals with the problem of energy poverty. The aim is to investigate whether the economic crisis, which affects the heating energy consumption and the indoor thermal quality, has consequences on the social and health problems in low income families of the Republic of Cyprus, during the winter season. To this aim, an extensive continuous monitoring study in terms of indoor air temperatures was carried out, for one year since December 2013 in 38 low income households in Limassol and Paphos, two of the main districts of the island after the capital of Nicosia. Additionally, questionnaires regarding energy, environmental, social, and health data were designed and collected from each household. Consequently, a cluster analysis, based on the monitoring data related to the first two months of 2014 and the survey's responses, was performed. Poor households of Cyprus were found to live in low indoor thermal quality, i.e. their average indoor air temperatures (ranging from 16 to 19°C) are lower than the accepted limits of the comfort zone for the island (18–21°C in winter). However, the thermal comfort and health conditions were found between the “acceptable” and “good” levels for each cluster. Additionally, a strong correlation is detected between the average internal temperature of the dwellings and the average income of the selected families. Finally, the heating energy consumption was found to be lower than the country's average for the clusters characterized by high and partial deprivation.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kampelis2017,

title = {Evaluation of the performance gap in industrial, residential & tertiary near-Zero energy buildings},

author = {N. Kampelis and K. Gobakis and V. Vagias and D. Kolokotsa and L. Standardi and D. Isidori and C. Cristalli and F. M. Montagnino and Filippo Paredes and P. Muratore and L. Venezia and Kyprianou Dracou and Alaric C. Montenon and A. Pyrgou and Theoni Karlessi and Mat Santamouris},

doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.057},

issn = {03787788},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-08-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {148},

pages = {58--73},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Energy efficiency, advanced controls and renewable energy systems for operating industrial, residential and tertiary sector buildings designed to be Near-Zero Energy are investigated to explore the performance gap. The analysis involves a comparison of energy dynamic and quasi-dynamic models with data from smart monitoring systems, indoor and outdoor environment measurements, power consumption and production data. Specific issues and conclusions have been drawn as the basis for addressing the performance gap between energy efficiency prediction in the design phase and measurements' evaluation in operational phase.},

keywords = {Advanced Renewable Energy Systems, Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Serghides2017a,

title = {Achieving Nearly Zero Energy Multi-family Houses in Cyprus through Energy Refurbishments},

author = {Despina Serghides and Stella Dimitriou and M. Michaelidou and M. Christofi and Martha C. Katafygiotou},

url = {http://www.hrpub.org},

doi = {10.13189/EEE.2017.050103},

issn = {2331-6306},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-02-01},

journal = {Energy and Environmental Engineering},

volume = {5},

number = {1},

pages = {19--28},

publisher = {Horizon Research Publishing},

abstract = {Residential buildings account for the 63% of the total energy consumption of the building stock. The existing residential building stock exceeds the number of newly built dwellings in most developed countries. Therefore, the energy efficient renovation of the existing housing stock is imperative in order to reduce the building energy consumption. For this reason, European Union ranked the improvement of the buildings' energy performance as a high priority in its research agenda. Following Europe's 20:20:20 objective, this case study investigates refurbishment scenarios in order to achieve Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) in Cyprus. The research focuses on the Multi-family House typology, as classified in the framework of the Intelligent Energy Europe EPISCOPE project and specifically on retrofitting a Multi-family building constructed after 2006. A representative Multi-family building from the corresponding residential building typology in Cyprus was chosen and modelled using the software interface of the official Simplified Building Energy Model tool (iSBEM_Cy) for issuing Energy Performance Certificates (EPC). The study investigates whether it is possible for such a building to reach the Nearly Zero Energy Building standards with the implementation of the national energy performance requirements and identifies the lurking obstacles and challenges through building simulations.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Serghides2017c,

title = {Energy Refurbishment Towards Nearly Zero Energy Multi-family Houses, for Cyprus},

author = {Despina Serghides and M. Michaelidou and M. Christofi and Stella Dimitriou and Martha C. Katafygiotou},

doi = {10.1016/J.PROENV.2017.03.068},

issn = {1878-0296},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Procedia Environmental Sciences},

volume = {38},

pages = {11--19},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Following Europe's 20:20:20 objective, this case study investigates refurbishment scenarios in order to achieve Nearly Zero Energy houses, in Cyprus. The study investigates amongst other aspects of the European recast, two approaches that will be decisive for the development of the building sector in Cyprus: The measures and techniques to be implemented in order to achieve nearly Zero Energy Houses (nZEB) in Cyprus and the analysis of cost optimisation. The research focuses on the Multi-Family House typology as classified in the framework of EU project EPISCOPE. The building was modelled using the official governmental software iSBEM_cy tool, according to the European Directives 2002/91/EC and 2010/31/EC. The aim was to upgrade it into a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) by investigating the effectiveness of the energy refurbishment both in terms of energy savings and payback period. Two scenarios were developed in order to evaluate the energy efficiency and the cost effectiveness of the conservation measures. Through analysis of the results, the efficiency of each strategy and technique employed towards minimising the energy consumption and the greenhouse gas emissions was evaluated, in terms also of its cost effectiveness. Furthermore, the results of the research were investigated in order to assess whether the nZEB requirements, as developed by the MECIT, are appropriate for the existing Multi-Family houses in Cyprus and whether alternative strategies may be employed in order to meet the target of nZEB and to reduce effectively the energy consumption and the CO2 emissions.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Serghides2016,

title = {Towards European targets by monitoring the energy profile of the Cyprus housing stock},

author = {Despina Serghides and Stella Dimitriou and Martha C. Katafygiotou},

doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.096},

issn = {03787788},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-11-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {132},

pages = {130--140},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Energy efficient renovation of the existing housing stock is imperative to reduce building energy consumption since the building sector in Europe accounts for an estimated 40% of the energy used from all sectors and more than 80% of the buildings today will still exist in 2020. Following Europe's energy objectives, the paper investigates, based on the European Union Directives, the current energy refurbishment rates and examines the future energy performance of the Cyprus housing stock, in order to determine if they are adequate in achieving the Europe energy targets. The research focuses on pilot houses in Cyprus, which include dwellings from all typologies as classified, according to the IEE project EPISCOPE. The houses were monitored and based on the collected data and the performed simulations, their current and future energy performance are presented in the form of Energy Performance Indicators (EPIs). From the study, it is observed that with the current trends the national climate protection energy targets are unattainable. This is mainly due to the inadequate rate and depth of energy refurbishment of the existing housing stock and the ineptness of the Directives to address effectively the reduction of the cooling energy needs in the new constructions.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Serghides2015c,

title = {Energy Efficient Refurbishment towards Nearly Zero Energy Houses, for the Mediterranean Region},

author = {Despina Serghides and Stella Dimitriou and Martha C. Katafygiotou and M. Michaelidou},

doi = {10.1016/J.EGYPRO.2015.12.173},

issn = {1876-6102},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-12-01},

journal = {Energy Procedia},

volume = {83},

pages = {533--543},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {The building sector in Europe is responsible for an estimated 40% of the total energy consumption and 10% of the total CO2 emissions. Given that new buildings represent only about 1% of the housing stock annually, it is estimated that more than 80% of the existing buildings will still exist in 2020. Therefore, the energy efficient renovation of the existing housing stock is imperative in order to reduce the building energy consumption. It is for this reason that the European Union ranked the improvement of the energy performance of the old building stock, as a high priority in its research agenda. Following Europe's 20:20:20 objective, this case study investigates refurbishment scenarios in order to achieve Nearly Zero Energy houses, in Cyprus. The research focuses on the Single Family House typology, as classified in previous studies for Cyprus, in the framework of the IEE, EU project EPISCOPE and specifically on retrofitting an old house that was built before 1980. The aim is to upgrade it into a Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) with the implementation of the national energy performance requirements, as drafted by the Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry and Tourism (MECIT). Following the EPISCOPE project methodology, a representative Single Family House from the corresponding residential building typology in Cyprus was chosen and modeled using the iSBEMcy tool. This is the official governmental software in Cyprus used for issuing Energy Performance Certificates (EPC), for the categorization of the energy class of the building and the calculation of the CO2 emissions according to the European Directives 2002/91/EC and 2010/31/EC. The study investigates whether it is possible for an old Single Family House to reach the nZEB standards and identifies the lurking obstacles and challenges, through building simulations. To this end, various refurbishment scenarios were developed, with the implementation of strategies aiming at fulfilling the MECIT requirements. Through analysis of the results, the efficiency of each strategy and technique employed towards minimising the energy consumption and the greenhouse gas emissions was evaluated, in terms also of its cost effectiveness. Furthermore, the results of the research were investigated in order to assess whether the nZEB requirements, as developed by the MECIT, are appropriate for the existing single-family houses in Cyprus and whether alternative strategies may be employed in order to meet the target of nZEB and to reduce effectively the energy consumption.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Theophilou2015,

title = {Estimating the characteristics of the Urban Heat Island Effect in Nicosia, Cyprus, using multiyear urban and rural climatic data and analysis},

author = {M. K. Theophilou and Despina Serghides},

doi = {10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2015.08.034},

issn = {0378-7788},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-12-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {108},

pages = {137--144},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {In order to detect the Urban Heat Island Effect and its consequences on heating and cooling degree days, an analysis of the hourly meteorological measurements during the period 1983-2011 for the city of Nicosia in Cyprus has been conducted. The stations used were located in the City Center (station no.640) and the area of Athalassa (station no. 666) in Nicosia, which are low altitude Mediterranean climatic stations. The temperature change that has been identified on both stations has an impact on heating and cooling degree days. Cooling degree days follow a statistically positive trend for both stations. Heating degree days follow a negative trend for both stations, with the Nicosia City Center station being the only one with a statistically significant trend. Additional cooling degree days have been calculated for the station of Nicosia City Center during the summer period June-August, and less heating degree days during the winter period December-February, in comparison with the Athalassa Area Station, highlighting the existence of the Urban Heat Island Effect. The Urban Heat Island Effect is determined to be stronger during the winter period, mainly in February. Finally, the mean differences, as calculated, in cooling and heating degree days follow a non-statistically significant trend.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Serghides2015a,

title = {Energy Retrofitting of the Mediterranean Terrace Dwellings},

author = {Despina Serghides and Marina Markides and Martha C. Katafygiotou},

url = {http://apc.aast.edu/ojs/index.php/RESD/article/view/01.1.138},

doi = {10.21622/RESD.2015.01.1.138},

issn = {2356-8569},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-08-01},

journal = {Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development},

volume = {1},

number = {1},

pages = {138--145},

abstract = {The building sector in Europe is responsible for an estimated 40% of the total energy consumption. It is well established that the reduction of building energy consumption necessitates energy efficient renovation of the existing buildings. In order to achieve this objective it is necessary to document the existing building stock. This paper focuses on the existing terrace housing in the Mediterranean region and specifically in Cyprus. The processing of the statistical data was carried out and the building typologies were developed based on a harmonised structure for European building typologies according to the IEE EPISCOPE project. A representative terrace housing complex, of the corresponding building typology, was used as showcase for demonstrating the energy performance and the potential of energy savings, by applying energy conservation measures (ECMs). Three units of different location in the terrace building complex were selected to carry out comparative studies for their energy performance and classification. The effectiveness of the strategies and the techniques towards minimising the energy consumption are simulated with the use of iSBEMcy tool. This is the official used for the categorization of energy efficiency in buildings, according to the European Directive 2002/91/EC. The study utilises information from the database, of the thermal characteristics of the building envelope and of the electromechanical systems, which was developed by the European, IEE Episcope Project, for the terrace residential buildings. This research aims to fill in the current knowledge gap of the energy-related characteristics of the specific building typology. Building typologies can be a useful instrument to facilitate the energy performance assessment of the building stock.},

keywords = {Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Papanicolas2015,

title = {Design, construction and monitoring of a near-zero energy laboratory building in Cyprus},

author = {Costas N. Papanicolas and M. A. Lange and Nestor Fylaktos and Alaric C. Montenon and G. Kalouris and N. Fintikakis and M. Fintikaki and D. Kolokotsa and K. Tsirbas and C. Pavlou and K. Vasilakopoulou and Mat Santamouris},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926517338&doi=10.1080%2F17512549.2015.1014837&partnerID=40&md5=0d7c6d715dde1148265ad696d74e5ac6},

doi = {10.1080/17512549.2015.1014837},

issn = {17562201},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Advances in Building Energy Research},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

pages = {140--150},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

address = {The Cyprus Institute, 20 Constantinou Kavafi Street, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus},

abstract = {The paper presents the architectural, engineering and energy design of a laboratory building located in Cyprus. The building is designed to meet near-zero energy consumption criteria using advanced energy conservation measures, smart energy management and solar thermal and photovoltaic systems to cover the remaining energy load. The energy conservation techniques used result in reduced energy consumption of the building by almost 70% compared with a conventional building, while almost 27% of the remaining heating-, cooling- and lighting load is covered by photovoltaics. A concentrating solar thermal system for cooling and heating is being installed to cover the remainder of the load.},

keywords = {Advanced Renewable Energy Systems, Sustainable Built Environment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}